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Kyphosis is characterized by an exaggerated anterior-posterior curvature of the spinal column, leading to a hunchback appearance. This condition occurs when the thoracic vertebrae are excessively rounded, making the back appear slouched. In individuals with kyphosis, the curvature is usually defined as being greater than 45 degrees.

The condition can result from a variety of factors, including poor posture, developmental issues, degenerative diseases, or trauma. It can lead to discomfort and complications such as pain, impaired mobility, and respiratory issues due to the restricted lung capacity caused by the altered spine position.

In contrast, scoliosis refers to a lateral curvature of the spine, often resembling an "S" or "C" shape when viewed from the back. Lordosis is characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine, often associated with a protruding abdomen. Spinal stenosis involves the narrowing of the spinal canal, which may lead to nerve compression but does not primarily affect the curvature of the spine like kyphosis does.